Leonid Hurwicz is the Regent’s Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of Minnesota and won the US National Medal of Science in Behavioral and Social Science for his outstanding work in mechanism design. Eric Maskin is professor of Social Science in Princeton University and Roger Myerson is professor of Economics at the University of Chicago.

The Nobel Prize for Economics was not mentioned by Nobel in his will. It was created by Swedish Central Bank to mark its tercentenary in 1968. It was awarded first in 1969 and is also funded by the bank. The prize includes a gold medal, a diploma and 10 million Swedish kronor (1.53 million US dollars) to be shared between them.

Mr. Rajendra Prachauri who chairs the U.N. Body on climate change observed that the Nobel Prize committee had realized the value of knowledge in tackling the climate change crisis. The climate change panel was established in 1988 and had issued a series of reports assessing the climate conditions of our planet.

Mr.Al Gore was born in 1948 and was very active in politics and was the Vice President of the USA from 1993 till 2000.

Miss Lessing was born in Persia and never completed her high school. She largely educated herself through voracious reading. She has written dozens of books of fiction, as well as plays,nonfiction and two volumes of autobiography. Her name was on the shortlist for a long time that she had almost forgotten about it and had given up the hope of becoming a Nobel Laureate. She became quite noted with her breakthrough novel, “ The Golden Notebook”. The growing feminist movement saw this book as a pioneering work and which belonged to that category of books that informed the 20th century view of the male-female relationship. Ms.Lessing wrote about the inner lives of women and rejected the notion that they should give up their choice and lifestyle for marriage or children.

“The Golden Notebook”, tracked the story of Anna Wulf, a woman who wished to live freely and in some ways was Ms Lessing’s alter ego.
Ms Lessing was born Doris May Taylor in 1919 in what is now Iran. After a painful childhood in Zimbabwe, she moved to Southern Rhodesia. She published her first novel in 1949, in Britain, “The Grass Is Singing” which recorded the relationship between a white farmer’s wife and her black servant.

Her childhood experiences drawn from the cultural differences and the racial discrimination among the whites and the blacks in colonial Rhodesia formed the basis for her first novel. “The Golden Notebook” had only sold around 6,000 copies when it came into the market but they had galvanized the American female society to a great extent. Ms. Lessing’s other novels include “The Good Terrorist”,“Martha Quest” and “The Cleft”. She even dabbled in science fiction and some of her later works show her interest in Sufi mysticism,which according to her stresses a link between the fates of individuals and the society.

Martin Evans had worked with embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which could give rise to almost any cell type. Evans discovered that chromosomally normal cell cultures could be established directly from early mouse embryos, now referred to as embryonic stem cells (ES) cells. The reports which showed the homologous recombination in ES cells used to generate gene-targeted mice were publicized in 1989. Since then, gene targeting has developed into a versatile technology. We can now introduce mutations that can be activated at specific time points, or in specific cells or in organs, both during the development and the adult animal.

Mario R. Capecchi, US citizen, PhD in Biophysics, Harvard University. Presently Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT , USA.

Sir Martin J. Evans, British citizen, PhD in Anatomy and Embryology, University College, London UK. He is a Director of the School of Biosciences and professor of Mammalian Genetics, Cardiff University, UK.

Oliver Smithies, US citizen, PhD in Biochemistry 1951, Oxford University, UK. He is a Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

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Surface chemistry is a very common phenomenon in the industrial and even everyday processes. From producing nitrogen to the destruction of ozone layer each process has a key step where in a deep understanding of the physical and chemical processes underlying the overall reaction plays a vital role in obtaining a higher yield of the product.

Prof Ertl’s work with the Haber-Bosch process was the highlight of the Nobel prize achievement. The process is used to create ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of iron. Though the discovery of the process spawned Nobel prizes for both Haber(1918) and Bosch(1931), the reaction mechanism was unknown until Ertl’s work. To study the reaction mechanisms Ertl made use of a number of techniques, such as generating idealized iron surfaces, introducing precise amounts of gas at low pressure, using a litany of spectroscopic techniques that probed molecules at the surface, and also studying the reverse reaction of the process using heavy hydrogen as a tracer molecule. Prof Ertl discovered that the splitting of the triple bond in the Nitrogen molecule was the slowest step in the Haber-Bosch process. So, to speed up the production of ammonia, the nitrogen molecule cleavage had to be fastened.

Ertl’s work also included the detailed study of carbon monoxide being converted to carbon dioxide over platinum. This reaction – or the one that doesn’t use platinum- is the one that is used by catalytic converters in cars today to reduce the harmful emissions. The detailed and controlled methodology that Ertl used has given rise to modern surface chemistry and earned him the Nobel Prize.

GMR is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin films that are composed of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers. It manifests itself as a significant decrease (typically 10-80%) in electrical resistance in the presence of magnetic field. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the direction of magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers is anti-parallel due to a weak anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the layers resulting in high-resistance magnetic scattering due to electron spin. On applying an external magnetic field, the magnetization of the adjacent ferromagnetic layers is parallel resulting in lower magnetic scattering and lower resistance.

A system of this kind is the perfect tool for reading data from hard disks when information that is coded magnetically should be converted into electric current. In 1997, the first read out head that was based on the GMR was launched and that became the standard technology. A hard disk stores information in the form of microscopic small areas magnetized in different directions. The information is retrieved by a read out head that scans the disk and registers the magnetic changes. If the hard disk is smaller and more compact then it would require a more sensitive read out head to read the information on the disk. A read out head can convert very minute magnetic changes into differences in electrical resistance resulting in changes in the current emitted by the read-out head. The current is the signal from the read out head representing the ones and zeros. GMR can also be considered as one of the first real applications of the promising and evolving field of nanotechnology.

Now they have the opportunity again, with FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter saying that he had been impressed by Brazil’s plans for 2014 despite the fact they were the only bidders following Colombia’s withdrawal.

Blatter said that the task was not easy – for it was a real big challenge to have the same list of requirements and the same conditions for only one candidate than if they were two and perhaps raising the bar higher than if they were two, said Blatter. The 2014 World Cup would have such a big social and cultural impact in Brazil.
The Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said that the nation was looking forward to the “huge task” of preparing for this unique sporting event.

In October 2007, Jones had admitted that she had taken steroids before the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics and acknowledged that she had, in fact, lied when she previously denied steroid use in press statements, to various sports agencies, and—most significantly—to two grand juries. One, which was impaneled to investigate the BALCO “designer steroid” ring, and the other was impaneled to investigate a check fraud ring involving many of the same parties from the BALCO case. As a result of these admissions, Jones had accepted a two-year suspension from track and field competition, and announced her retirement from track and field on October 5, 2007.

The United States Anti-Doping Agency stated that the sanction also required disqualification of all her competitive results obtained after September 1, 2000, and forfeiting of all medals, results, points and prizes. On October 5, 2007, Jones formally accepted the charges levied against her and pled guilty to lying to federal agents in the BALCO steroid investigation in the U.S. District Court. On January 11, 2008, Jones was sentenced to serve 6 months in jail. She began serving her sentence from March 7, 2008 and was released on September 5, 2008.

However, on 10 July 2007, Ferrari reached an agreement with Mr. and Mrs. Coughlan under which Ferrari dropped its High Court case in return for their full disclosure of all they know about the case and a promise of future cooperation. An announcement made by McLaren based on its own internal investigation had revealed that no Ferrari materials or data were ever been in the possession of any McLaren employee other than Coughlan. Any other member of the team did not know the fact that he held at his home-classified materials from Ferrari.

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Bravo, the dancing bison is chosen to be the mascot for the games. True to its dramatic style, Bravo descended from the skies along with a team of skydivers and landed before a dais on which a few military officials and state ministers were present.

The Conseil International du Sport Militaire, or CISM founded in 1948, is best described as the military equivalent of the International Olympic Committee or IOC. The CISM World Military Games debuted in Rome in 1995 and are held every four years, a year before the Olympics. They were hosted by Zagreb, Croatia in 1999 and by Catania, Italy in 2003. Brazil will host the next CISM World Military Games in 2011.